Spanish Culture free essay sample

On numerous events, we as guides and experts have customers that are of an alternate ethnicity or culture from our own. We need to then get comfortable as we can with the conventions, customs, and societies of said customer. This examination paper will explore a few territories of the Hispanic culture. It will detail zones, for example, the history, the religion, the language, the food and the social and social conventions and fantasies. It will arm the peruser with a greatly improved feel of the Hispanic culture with the expectation that we will be better prepared to give proficient guiding to an individual of this ethnicity if the circumstance ever emerges. Since research information and enumeration information reveals to us that one out of each 7 people living in the United States is of Hispanic plunge, I trust it is just important that I do my exploration on this ethnicity. With a populace of such huge extent, it is no big surprise why impacts have been made on the food, music, and social structures of the United States. We will compose a custom article test on Spanish Culture or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page We will start our exploration with a fundamental comprehension of the Hispanic culture when all is said in done. We realize that in the course of recent years, the Hispanic populace has displayed such a gigantic development in the United States that they presently include over 11% of the U. S. populace. Remember this incorporates 3. 6 million Hispanics dwelling in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. More than 70% of the Hispanic populace is gathered in four states †California, Texas, New York, and Florida. Mexican is the biggest ethnic region of Hispanics in the United States, including around 63. 3%, trailed by Central and South American (14. 4%), Puerto Rican (10. 6%), Cuban (4. 2%), and different Hispanics (7. 4%). Hispanic is a term made by the U. S. ederal government in the mid 1970’s trying to give a shared factor to an enormous, yet differing, populace with association with the Spanish language or culture from a Spanish-talking nation. The term Latino is progressively picking up acknowledgment among Hispanics, and the term mirrors the root of the populace in Latin America. One significant reality that ought to be expressed is that family is the most significant part of Hispanic/Latino lives. An extremely close association is made among the quick and more distant families. The older play a significant and significant job in offering guidance to the grown-ups and helping raise the youths. Hispanics accept that when their older get old, it is their duty to think about them. Hispanics likewise feel that one of the most stunning social realities is the degree of duty they feel toward other relatives. They are an affectionate network. They help each other in circumstances that emerge: unexpected frailty, financial difficulty, or basically helping bring up a kid. The death of family conventions down numerous ages is exceptionally normal. It isn't strange to have a few individuals from a similar family with a similar name. That’s one way Hispanic infant names convey the custom for quite a long time and years. A significant number of the conventional festivals that Hispanics include themselves rotate around religion, however other don’t, such as accepting the New Year and bidding farewell to the bygone one and by â€Å"quemando el Ano Viejo† which implies â€Å"burning† the old year which is spoken to by a human size cloth doll loaded down with firecrackers. Music and move are significant components for regular daily existence. Hispanics get together to commend occasions, birthday events, immersions, first fellowships, graduations, and weddings. Gatherings keep going quite a while by American norms, more often than not over four hours. Exceptional events are a chance to show their extreme energy for getting a charge out of life. One thing to remember is that there are numerous varieties from nation to nation in sentence structure, vocabulary, and way to express letters like the ll, z, and y. Accordingly they have various tongues. In the United States numerous Hispanic families talk just Spanish at home in light of the fact that many live with grandparents who didn't acclimatize to the American culture or on the grounds that they need their youngsters to communicate in Spanish just as English. Language keeps on being the most significant vehicle for keeping the Hispanic culture alive. Hispanic culture has been around for longer than numerous individuals give it credit. St. Augustine and Santa Fe were Hispanic urban areas established before Plymouth. As it were, the Hispanics were here before the Pilgrims. Hispanics are exceptionally pleased with their way of life and consider acclaimed Latino individuals ministers of the Hispanic culture, however do not have a portion of the basic manners like promptness. They are not awesome about being on schedule. Seemingly insignificant details like this are significant when individuals of various societies wed. These easily overlooked details can cause either to need a separation essentially on the grounds that they are curious about the traditions and conventions of their individual mate. As terrible as that sounds it occurs, lamentably. Appropriate clothing is normally utilized for going to chapel and every single strict festival just as the gatherings thereafter. Th4ese customs appear to be less basic in Latinos that have been in the U. S. for some time, along these lines submitting general direction to American culture. At the point when guests come, they don't need to been declared days ahead of time. Charming amazements are invited in the Hispanic culture. Embracing kissing on the cheek, gesturing (chatting) with the hands, and utilizing the best possible aware titles to address grown-ups and the old are genuinely normal practices in Hispanic and Latino societies. Snickering boisterous and play music at high volumes during parties are additionally a piece of the Hispanic culture, with no guarantees so in America. It is evaluated that by 2050 Hispanic Americans will represent about 25% of the U. S. populace. With this enormous populace comes a huge purchasing power. It has been explored that Hispanic families spend about $125 every week on food contrasted with about $90 for American families. What is this truism? It means financial matters. One of the principle purposes behind this is numerous Hispanics cook at home rather than going out to eat every now and again. Hispanics visit the general stores in scan for nourishments that are new and delightful. Hispanics accept that nourishments can impact wellbeing and ailments. Food inclinations and utilizations shift extraordinarily between various Hispanic districts. Mexicans eat substantially more corn and amaranth, while beach front and Caribbean Latin Americans lean toward rice. Numerous Hispanic nourishments have become standard in the U. S. Salsa, flan, tortilla-based delivered, for example, enchiladas, tacos, and tamales are accessible everywhere throughout the nation. Organizations spend significant time in Hispanic groceries, for example, Goya, have encountered enormous development and their items are accessible in more stores than any other time in recent memory. Goya and different organizations have help to carry ethnic food to the standard market. Increasingly Hispanic (Mexican) cafés are open now than some other time in U. S. history. With a developing populace of Hispanics, changes are being made here in the United States to suit this inundation. TV programs are currently being communicated in both English and Spanish. News is being given in the two dialects also. Papers are being conveyed in the two dialects. Indeed, even the administration has paid heed and convey casting a ballot polling forms to oblige this Hispanic culture. Schools have classes that train English as a subsequent language to enable youthful Hispanics to acclimatize to our way of life, yet not ignoring their own. Likewise with all other culture there are numerous fantasies that are related with the Hispanic culture that should be tended to as of now. Four of the most widely recognized fantasies are: †¢ All undocumented Immigrants originate from Mexico. In spite of the fact that the facts confirm that a dominant part of the undocumented foreigners do originate from directly over the fringe, not all are Mexican.

A Violation Of Womens Human Rights

A Violation Of Womens Human Rights Viciousness against ladies regularly known as sexual orientation based savagery alludes to brutal acts „committed against ladies with the casualties sex as an essential rationale. ‎Violence against ladies is normal particularly in growing underdeveloped nations and even „in nations with over smothered social orders for instance in numerous locales of the Middle East. ‎Even in created and present day countries still today sex based brutality isn't absolutely „eliminated and still exists however similarly the rate is lower than the immature and additionally „developing nations. „ It resembles a plague that has inundated and pulverized numerous homes and families and a circumstance that „needs to be tended to with complete concentration as a solid society produces sound ages „which thus brings about sound and prosperous countries. For a considerable length of time the issue has never been „addressed genuinely thus far has destroyed families and upset the general public everywhere significantly due „to absence of mindfulness among the individuals.„ The regularly expanding everyday mechanical lives and costly living expense is causing more pressure „and despondency in people, the issue as opposed to being diminished by different applicable law „enforcing offices, NGOs and concerned state associations the events of brutality „incidents against ladies is on high increment. ‎There is a desperate need to discover approaches to stop this as emergencies mediation can't just address and „simplify the circumstance rather progressively genuine advances are expected to shorten the overwhelming impacts that it „has on youngsters and families.„ Consistently a huge number of ladies are influenced world over and greater part of cases don't come on „record nor gave legitimately and this obliviousness brings about slow increment in such unsuitable „acts against ladies. We will all concur here that such savagery against ladies prompts physical „and mental damage both, and on occasion the mental scars are difficult to treat hence „damaging the character of the subject lady forever time.„ On the off chance that a lady endures such physical and passionate mischief the entire society endures and the last „impact is the enduring of the whole society. Hence this raises genuine wellbeing concerns and requires „immediate activity and avoidance from savagery from the individuals who are the approach creators and different „agencies answerable for halting this brutality. „ The influenced experiences loss of trust, loss of respect and a profoundly undermined confidence „that should be tended to alongside factors like lodging, financial help, social government assistance and „legal issues being a fundamental piece of the wellbeing advancement methodology. ‎The most normal type of savagery experienced by ladies all around is physical viciousness incurred „by a cozy accomplice, with ladies beaten, constrained into sex or in any case abused.„ In an examination led by the World Health Organization (WHO) it was discovered that between 15% „and 70% of ladies experience physical as well as sexual brutality by an accomplice. „ As indicated by a United Nations report in any event one out of each three ladies around the globe „has been mishandled some way or the other in the course of her life and that too by somebody known to her.„ According to a WHO report the effect of this sex put together brutality with respect to the general public is profound and „directly loads the medicinal services benefits as ladies endure genuine physical wounds, demise, explicitly „transmitted illnesses, premature deliveries, intense misery and numerous other mental medical problems „resulting in powerless and low physical wellbeing. What's more, the states need to hold up under overwhelming affordable expenses in „billions per year.„ A 2003 report by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) appraises that the „costs of private accomplice brutality in the United States alone surpass US$5.8 billion every year: ‎US$4.1 billion are for direct clinical and human services administrations, while profitability misfortunes account „for almost US$1.8 billion.„ We can have a thought of presence of this sexual orientation based viciousness in different pieces of the world „from the figures gathered by the WHO while completing an examination in 11 nations and agreeing „to this investigation; „ The level of ladies who had been exposed to sexual viciousness by a cozy accomplice „ranged from 6 percent in Japan to 59 percent in Ethiopia. ‎Several worldwide reviews propose that half of all ladies who bite the dust from manslaughter are murdered by their „current or previous spouses or accomplices. ‎In Australia, Canada, Israel, South Africa and the United States, 40 to 70 percent of female „murder casualties were murdered by their accomplices, as per the World Health Organization.„ In Colombia, each 6th the very first moment lady is supposedly executed by her accomplice or previous accomplice. ‎Psychological or passionate savagery by private accomplices is additionally widespread.„ Up to 70 percent of ladies experience brutality in the course of their life, as indicated by nation information ‎available.‎Women matured 15-44 are more in danger from assault and abusive behavior at home than from malignant growth, vehicle „accidents, war and jungle fever, as indicated by World Bank information. „ Female genital mutilation (FGM), characterized by WHO as the fractional or absolute expulsion of the outer „genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs WHO appraises that between 100 to 140 „million young ladies and ladies have experienced some kind of FGM. The vast majority of those influenced live in 28 „countries in Africa, in spite of the fact that there are some in the Middle East and it likewise occurs among „immigrant networks in certain nations in Western Europe.„ Assault and share related infringement are likewise basic bringing about badgering of ladies and „also settlement related passings, especially in specific pieces of India and other southern Asian „countries. This savagery is practiced by the spouse as well as by the husbands close „relatives (mother, siblings, and sisters). „ Corrosive tossing in some Asian nations, for example, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, the distorting „of ladies by tossing corrosive or consuming them are types of brutality established in sexual orientation imbalance, „but the prompt purpose behind this is frequently questions concerning marriage and endowment. While this is „not one of the most predominant types of savagery against ladies, its results are critical for „those ladies exposed to it. „ „ Honor killings this is the homicide of a lady, ordinarily by a sibling, father, or other male family „member, on the grounds that she has purportedly carried disgrace to her family. This marvel is established in „the idea of male respect and female virtue that wins in numerous nations in the Eastern ‎Mediterranean district. It implies a keeps an eye on respect is connected to the apparent sexual immaculateness of the „women in his family. In the event that a lady participates in sex outside marriage or regardless of whether she is assaulted, she is „thought to disrespect the family respect. In certain social orders, the best way to scrub the family respect „is by murdering the lady/girl.„ This sort of brutality against ladies and young ladies is practiced additionally in western European nations „within outsider families. It is by and large alluded to as respect killings-a somewhat deceptive „term as the association with respect is hard to comprehend in many societies. The term murder „in the name of respect has been recommended. „ There was this instance of respect killing of 3 little girls and their mom who was killed in ‎Canada and bodies dumped under an extension by their own dad with the assistance of his second spouse „who were foreigners there and had a place with an Asian nation. „ In Saudi Arabia where I used to visit regularly pretty much consistently as my life partner was working in ‎Jeddah I saw numerous situations where in men while going for work bolted their wives from „outside till the time they were back home in the nighttimes the explanation being absence of trust on their „spouse and during one such occurrence the house burst into flames because of short out and the wife, „maid and a baby kid were protected by the neighbors through condo windows as the entryway „to the house was bolted from outside by the husband who had left for work. I left the site „wondering how much dark smoke these three more likely than not breathed in particularly the baby youngster and „what impact it would have had on their lungs?„ With the progression of time and expanding mindfulness particularly in young ladies/ladies due expanding „literacy rates among ladies such infringement is currently getting very much perceived as a general wellbeing „problem and human rights infringement of around the world. „ The states and working associations for anticipation and improvement of social orders are presently acknowledging „how this relates straightforwardly to the general wellbeing sector.„ Increasingly more need have emerge to take suitable measures and legitimate prepared wellbeing laborers „are being set near the casualties of such infringement who are additionally very much familiar with the „community they work for and its inhabitants.„ The nearby wellbeing administrations and networks need to assume their job and make mindfulness among the „public to forestall such occurrences. „ The Central and Federal government bodies need not exclusively to make exacting laws for the counteraction „of sexual orientation based brutality however guarantee powerful usage as well.„ The best method to diminish resistance towards savagery against ladies is to transparently discuss „the subject as still there is constrained information in regards to most serviceable mediations for the „prevention of sex based violations.„ References †¢ „ www.health.state.mn.us/divs/hpcd/chp/hpkit/index.htm â€?

Term Paper Writing Service - How to Choose the Right One

Term Paper Writing Service - How to Choose the Right OneWhen looking for a good term paper writing service, it is not always easy to know which one to choose. You will find that the reputation of the company, the quality of its work and the professionalism of the staff are three things you will want to take into consideration. In order to be sure that you have selected the right one, here are some tips to keep in mind:Look for a term paper writing service that offers the best customer service. A reputable paper writing service will be ready to offer a wide range of services to its clients, including help with editing, writing a persuasive essay, writing and editing letters, and even answering questions and getting feedback from the clients. You will also want to look for a paper writing service that is dedicated to giving you the service you need and that can do it at a reasonable price. These service providers often put emphasis on their clientele.A term paper writing service that h as years of experience in the industry will be able to give you great assistance in editing your paper. They will also make sure that your assignment is well-prepared and presented. This is especially important if you are working on a large project or that you are working on something complicated. The paper writing service will not only edit the paper for you, but they will also ask you about your thoughts and make suggestions based on what you have said. In addition, they will make sure that all your papers are submitted to the highest standards and that all the information you provided is accurate.Another thing to look for in these services is affordability. These types of services will usually ask for a set price or for payment in advance. This means that you do not have to go to them immediately when you receive your assignment.Lastly, the paper writing service you select should be ready to meet deadlines. It is important that you allow them alittle time to do their job, as most paper writing services will tell you that they will be ready by a certain date. This is a good idea because it ensures that you get the assignment submitted by the deadline.When choosing a term paper writing service, make sure that they are available for consultation. With this, you will be able to discuss your task with them, and in the end you will be able to make your decision regarding their service. Having a third party to weigh in on your task means that you are not going to make any decisions based on your own interest.If you are having trouble deciding which term paper writing service to choose, look for companies that offer a free quote. These are great to service providers, as they will give you an outline of what they can do for you. You can then decide for yourself which one you feel best meets your needs.However, do not necessarily choose a term paper writing service that offers the cheapest price. Rather, make sure that the quality of the work they offer matches your needs. This is so that you do not end up with an assignment that you hate and a paper that is not worth the price that you paid for it.

Teenage Pregnancy And Effect On Teenage Mothers - 2129 Words

There are differing stigmas of teenage pregnancy, which can affect teenage mothers. Teenage mothers face the risk of not being accepted by their peers and community. Acquiring a position in society, that is often the subject of negative criticism and judgment, can profoundly impact teenage mothers (Luttrell, 2014). This research paper will analyze teenage pregnancy stigmas and how they can impact young mothers. This paper will include a literature review, analyzing adolescent sexuality and behavior, teenage pregnancy and motherhood and perceptions of teenage pregnancy. Lastly, recommendations for future practice will be discussed. Background The Australian teenage fertility rates, have been on the decline for many years. In 2014, there was approximately 9,204 teenagers giving birth in Australia (ABS, 2014). In 2006, in South Australia alone, 982 women aged 15 to 19 had abortions (ABS, 2014). These kinds of statistics, mean there is still a large amount of teenage mothers that require support and assistance. This paper will look at making recommendations in practice and service development. The paper includes: examining statistical information and reviewing literature and research. Literature Review Adolescent sexuality and Behavior In industrialized countries, the age of onset of sexual intercourse is said to be declining (Currie, 2012). In Mitchell, Patrick, Heywood, Blackman, and Pitts (2013) Australian survey, 2,000 students were surveyed from year 10, 11 and 12,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Teenage Pregnancy On Teenage Mothers901 Words   |  4 Pageschildren in America are the result of teenage pregnancy. Researchers have looked at the marijuana use in teenage mothers to see if it poses a greater risk for marijuana use in their offspring. Children who are born to teenage mothers that use marijuana have shown to a correlate with sexual behavior at an earlier age and pregnancy. Statistics have shown that young mothers are more likely to use marijuana than older mothers. A pattern of marijuana use by teenage mothers has shown to impact different behaviorsRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Causes Serious Physical And Emotional Problems1369 Words   |  6 Pages Teen pregnancy causes serious physical and emotional problems for adolescent mothers, therefore there should be steps taken to prevent such things from happening. I have a close friend who got pregnant at the age of fifteen. It was a mega crisis for her and her baby. It caused a heartbreaking feud between my friend and her parents, as well as her schooling, leading her to drop out of high school. The emotional stress she gained was harming her body. The baby’s father wanted nothing to do with theRead MoreThe Effect Of Teenage Pregnancy On Children1636 Words   |  7 PagesThis study examined the effect of teenage pregnancy on children by exploring the results of an ADHD survey, ASRS-v1.1. The study sampled 100 kindergarten students, 50 had teenage mothers and 50 had mothers who gave birth during adulthood. A quantitative research method was utilized along with the difference-oriented research strategy approach. The independent variable is identified as the age of pregnancy and the two variant levels are: pregnant teens, ages 13-19, and pregnant women in adulthoodRead MoreHealth Education Reduction Of Teenage Pregnancy1647 Words   |  7 PagesHEALTH EDUCATION REDUCTION OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (2010-2015) Introduction Teenage pregnancy (known as under-18 conception) negatively affects the health and wellbeing of both the young mothers and their children. Early parenthood is prone to the risk of postnatal depression, poor health (including mental health), social exclusion and by the age of thirty (30) there are more likely to live in poverty, have limited education, career and economic prospect. There is high risk ofRead MoreEffects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teenage Pregnancy1620 Words   |  7 PagesServices). Teenage females associated with childbearing expose themselves to many risks and negative effects that can affect their future. Females result with many consequences due to teenage pregnancy. This paper will strictly focus on the effects females experience through teenage pregnancy. The reader will be able to develop an overall understanding of the causes of teen pregnancy. Also, the reader will be able to distinguish the psychosocial effects on the girl during adolescent pregnancy. The readerR ead MoreThe Responses That Briggs Et Al1743 Words   |  7 Pageset al. (2013) showed that 5% of women said that influences from family or friends was a reason to seek an abortion. This included thinking that a baby would have a negative impact on their family or friends, not wanting others to know about the pregnancy and judge them, and/or peer pressure from friends and family. Briggs et al. (2013) also found women reported not wanting to have to put the baby up for adoption and/or not wanting the baby as a reason for seeking abortion, which was 4% of responsesRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1743 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative media teenage mothers struggle to find the positive sides to motherhood. Teenage pregnancy can be dificult and life changing, but unlike the renowned negative beliefs all over the world, there are positive sides to teenage pregnancy. Most research that is done on teen pregnancy is based on the hardships and struggles on teen mothers, making it easy to forget the good that can come from teen pregnancy. A teenage mother can create a good life for herself and her children. Teenage mothers are generallyRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pageswhat most people say, or think, when they hear about the pregnancy of an adolescent girl. Early pregnancy, commonly referred to as teenage pregnancy, is an ongoing crisis throughout the world. However, the United States has the highest rates of teen pregnancy in the world. Since its peak in 1990, teen pregnancy rates have declined by half, but they are still fairly high. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, â€Å"roughly one in four teens girls in the U.S. will getRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic growth. Evidently, the younger generation represents the larger population of Belize and as suggested by a report, commissioned by the United Nations, Belize encompasses the highest rate of teenage preg nancy in the Caribbean followed by Guyana and Jamaica. Based on the media perspective, teenage pregnancy is a rising issue in Belize that should be taken more seriously. It’s an epidemic ruining lives and perpetuating poverty. According to Sheila Roseau, Director of UNFPA SROC, the birth-rates inRead MoreThe Socio Economic Factors Of Teenage Pregnancy1517 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy is normally identified as deprived life choice, for example, tasks of teenage parenting have long-term impact on the mental health of the mother and children (Statistics New Zealand, 2003). It is important to identify the socio economic factors of teenage pregnancy to lower the chances of mental health problems in young mothers. In this paper the aim is to analyse the main socio economic factors of teenage pregnancy and discuss how it affects the mental health of an adolescent mother

Cultural Diversity And Acceptance Diversity - 892 Words

Cultural Diversity and Acceptance Cultural diversity and acceptance are important to everyone regardless of their major or place in life. Diversity is becoming more and more common in all countries and universities; therefore it is valuable to learn how to properly interact with others. There are many ways in which culture may cause conflict in day to day activities, or arise in a place of work or class. Classrooms present different types of cultural conflict and provide can provide many lessons on cultural diversity to students and teachers. Teachers and educators have to work with students from different cultures and backgrounds, and should be made aware of how that could affect their lesson plans and teaching strategies. Teachers should be aware of cultural differences and can also act as role models for their students to show others how they should interact with one another even though they might not share their values, beliefs, or ideas. In order to do well in school and students need to feel cared for and respected. Everyone can learn something from anyone and keeping an open mind and being understanding is the best way to treat others and let them know they are respected and cared for. Especially when working with ELL, it is vital that they feel understood and that their work is recognized. When I first chose to come to the United States I was unaware of what college and day to day life would require of me and my family. Being an international student IShow MoreRelatedMulticulturalism Should Not Be Accepted1665 Words   |  7 Pagescan be defined as the promotion of the mixture of different cultural, religious and linguistic group which include the idea of equal respect toward differences and acceptance of the contribution of immigrants to a country (Zanca, 2015). It has been considered as a controversial topic which has been debated from the middle of the 20th century especially in European countries and in Australia. In discussing to what extent should cultural differences be accepted in a multicultural society, many agreeRead MoreCultural diversity is defined as the cultural variety and cultural differences that exist in the600 Words   |  3 PagesCultural diversity is defined as the cultural variety and cultural differences that exist in the world, a society, or an institution and or the inclusion of diverse people in a group or organization. (dictionary.com) This paper will discuss some of the general competencies required to be successful while working in a culturally diverse environment. Not only is diversity in the workplace inevitable it is necessary and makes perfect business sense. The concept of diversity within the workplace includesRead MoreWorkforce Diversity1507 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Workforce diversity addresses differences among people within an organization. Workforce diversity means that organizations are becoming a more heterogeneous mix of people from different categories. Diversity refers to the co-existence of employees from various socio-cultural backgrounds within the company. Diversity includes cultural factors such as race, gender, age, colour, physical ability, ethnicity, education, language, lifestyle, beliefs, economic status, etc. Diversity requires a typeRead MoreEth/125 Final Assignment Write a 1,050- to 1,750-Word Paper That Answers the Following Questions: †¢ What Information About Diversity in the United States Has Helped You Better Understand or Relate to Others in Ways That1619 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Ethics/125 Final Assignment† The information that I have learned about diversity in the United States of America has helped me better understand and relate to others in many ways. The United States of America is a giant melting pot of several different races, ethnicities, and cultures. What I have learned is that each group has their differences and similarities. With these differences in culture they have taught me how to be tolerant and accepting of them no matter how different from me theyRead MoreDiversity Training And Its Effectiveness1240 Words   |  5 PagesDiversity may be defined as recognizing and respecting the similarities, differences and unique characteristics an individual employee contributes to the workplace. Diversity training and its effectiveness in the workplace has been met with differing conclusions as to the positive or negative impact this type of training may have on an organization. Today, change in the workplace is inevitable and diversity training in the workplace has become comm on across the globe. Companies now realize thatRead Moreculture diversity1404 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment- What information about diversity in the United States has helped you better understand or relate to others in ways that you may not have in the past? Have you learned something new about your own racial, ethnic, or cultural history? Trends in immigration will continue to shape the demographics of the United States. What will the U.S. population look like in the year 2050? Why do you think so? What challenges does the United States face due to the diversity of its people? What are the benefitsRead MoreEssay on Gender Diversity in the Workplace1456 Words   |  6 Pagesreadily available information, the workplace has grown increasingly diverse in both gender and cultural aspects. Individuals no longer live and work within the confines of their geographic locations. At almost any position with any company the individual employee is a part of a larger world economy that harv ests assets from the ends of the earth. Because of this, companies seek to capitalize on diversity to become more creative and flexible in their business models. Over the past 50 years, employersRead MoreThe Value of Multiculturalism and Diversity in Business Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesThe Value of Diversity and Multiculturalism in Business Diversity and Multiculturalism are two topics that, themselves, are not new. To start off with a uniform basic understanding, what are diversity and multiculturalism? According to Merrium-Webster, Diversity is ‘the condition of having or being composed of differing elements, especially the inclusion of different types of people (as people of different races or cultures) in a group or organization’. Whereas, Merrium-Webster defined multiculturalismRead MoreBias : Being Tilted Towards On Side Of Thinking948 Words   |  4 Pagessociety. Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2016. Global Diversity Global diversity is the understanding of many different kinds of people from all around the world. Global diversity is the understanding of different would cultures. Global diversity is important for global business. If we don’t understand other cultures then we do have the ability to trade or do business in other countries. Global diversity is important if you want to have an international business or you just wantRead MoreNuclear Family: Definition, Advantages Disadvantages993 Words   |  4 Pagesdisagree and believe that the nuclear family is the best type of family, such as the New Rights. Rapport argue there’s many more factors causing more family diversity and how this means the nuclear family isn’t necessarily the norm and that this diversity represents a greater freedom of choice and acceptance of cultures. For example cultural diversity, they say is that different cultures, religions and ethnic groups all have different structures living in the UK, an example of this would be Indian ethnic

Fahrenheit 451 Technology Essay - 1585 Words

The Detriments of a Digitized Era Set in a futuristic society, Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 revolves around Guy Montag, a fireman who is employed to burn books and arrest those who have books in their possession. Montag starts off as the average fireman, one who does not question societal norms, especially those relating to books and other sources of knowledge. However, as the story goes on, Montag begins to reevaluate his stance on this topic, especially after he witnesses a woman die during one of his fire department’s missions because she does not wish to be separated from her books as they burn. However, though Montag undergoes a large change over the course of this novel, his wife, Mildred, does not. She remains the same person†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, after Montag requests that Mildred turn the parlor down for him, a â€Å"sick man,† she does absolutely â€Å"nothing† to the parlor and comes back, which demonstrates that Mildred is not willing to sacrifice he r comforts of the wall TVs, even for the health and well-being of her husband. This highlights the fact that Mildred does not care about her husband, as she does not lower the volume of the parlor walls by even a fraction, and that she cares more about her own luxury of the parlor walls. Bradbury’s use of words in this section effectively communicates that Mildred is more emotionally attached to the â€Å"family† in the parlor walls than her real family, which illustrates that a large reliance on technology renders one more emotionally connected to technology than to actual people. Later on in the novel, Mildred sends an alarm to the fire department because her husband has hidden books in their home. As the fire truck pulls into their driveway, Mildred â€Å"shove[d] the valise in the waiting beetle, climb[s] in, and [sits] mumbling, ‘Poor family, poor family, oh everything gone, everything, everything gone now’† (114). Once again, Mildred refers to the parlor walls as her â€Å"family.† Bradbury’s use of this word to describe Mildred’s connection to the parlor walls implies that the characters on the screen are real people with whom she has emotional attachments. Moreover, MildredShow MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 Technology Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pagesthe ubiquitous presence of technology, it would be difficult to believe that is wasn t always around. Today, everything is incorporated with technology, from entertainment to communication, from travel to skin care, and newly, from surveillance to control. 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Skills for Information and Communication Robotic Technology

Question: Discuss about the Skills for Information and Communication Robotic Technology. Answer: Introduction Rapid development of science and technology allows discovering robots in order to help humans by doing similar types of jobs. Mexx Engineering is one of the organizations in Australia is searching to deploy robotic technology at present days. Moreover, robots are used in manufacturing process. The concept of creating machines can be operated autonomously with the dates to classical times. On the other hand, robotic technology is programmable technology, which is able to interact with environment without any human interaction. It is also required to consider that ongoing revenue costs for consumables are limitations for using the technology. There are samples of transportation from the major area of reception to the analyzers. However, it is important to consider all the aspects involved with the success of business strategy in the organization. In this perspective, analysis of the business strategy is required for the business organization in order to gain competitive advantages by u sing the business strategy of the organization. However, the chief executive officer of Mexx Engineering likes to make an investigation of the procedure by establishing the key enabler in order to achieve competitive advantages. In addition, the organization is also looking for further diversification in upcoming five years through leveraging ICT as a core competency (Patel et al. 2013). The business strategy of Mexx Engineering includes expand of the operation of the organization within Australia and Asian countries. Hence, it is important to achieve the target and therefore the CEO of Mexx Engineering is leveraging the utilization of robotics as a key technology that is considered as crucial part in order to expand the business. Each of the business strategies has positive as well as negative result. Therefore, it is required to analyze the business strategy that has been achieved in the report. Based on the findings, the process and strategies for incorporating the operation of the business strategy is discussed in the present report. Defining Robotic Technology Robotics is an important part of science and technology. Conception, designs, operations and manufacturing of the robots can be defined as robotics technology or robotics. The technology is generally used for developing machines, which is able to work as substitute for humans. In addition, robots are utilized to detect bomb as well as manufacturing procedure (Barbash, Friedman Steiner, 2014). Use of robots and its examples Blute and Prestipino (2014) stated that there are various uses of robotic technologies such as manufacturing industries, data mining and research as well as educational purposes. Research: Robots are very useful in research. These are utilized for performing tasks and locations and performing tasks as well. Some of the challenging and dangerous environments are found that can be achieved with the help of robots. In addition, it is important to use unique technology in the research centres like NASA. In addition, the technology is used in Landers and rovers (Boyd Scott, 2015). It assists to utilize spaces and planets in the solar system. Industrial robots: Several jobs need high degrees of the precision as well as speed. For several years, humans are engaged to perform specific jobs. On contrary, adoption of the robotic technology helps to speed up the performance of industrial process by higher degree of precision with the help of robots. The tasks consist of packaging, painting, assembling as well as palletizing (Kardos et al. 2014). In the initial stage of discovering robots, they perform in the specialized as well as repetitive jobs. It can be executed with simple instruction to precise. However, technology of robotics can be improved with the help of industrial robots that are more flexible as well as take decisions based on the feedback by using complex sensor. In addition, vision of the system is common on the industrial robots are common on the industrial robots. In this perspective, The International Federation of Robotics has made a prediction that more than 1.3 million industrial robots are involved in wor ldwide operation (Bonatti et al. 2014). Moreover, robots are used for performing the tasks, which is difficult as well as dangerous to achieve the operational process. Mobile servicing system: The process is generally considered as Candarm2. In addition, the system has been designed to provide several functions in order to manipulate them in international space station. Moreover, it is almost similar type of the devices like RMS. The system is responsible to those services able to make payloads as well as instruments that are related to International Space Station. Helping in the supply transport and the equipments has important functionalities in the specific system (Subbian et al. 2014). In this perspective, transportation for supplying and equipments around the station are involved with the major functionalities. Pathfinder and Sojourner: The mission of Mars assisted for developing the advanced as well as unique technology that allows delivering of robot rover. The mission has been landed on 4th July 1997 on Mars. Hence, Pathfinder does not achieve accomplishment for the target; whereas it returned the unprecedented data and outlived the primary design as well. It is vital to analyze present business opportunities to use robotic technology in Mexx Engineering (Nawabi et al. 2013). In order to achieve that, strategic analysis and Porters five forces analysis would be useful as well as SWOT analysis would be useful. SWOT analysis Strengths Deploying robotic technology at present days use is helpful to reduce the errors for having less number of human interaction (Arlen Kirsch, 2016) Safety for the users can be improved by this technology Enhance revenue speed It helps to decrease times for turnaround Best use for current equipments Weakness Reluctant of the employees to changing work practices of the organization Samples are generally transported from the major area of the reception to the analyzers Maintenance, trouble shooting as well as service contracts The ongoing cost of revenue on making consumables Opportunities Establishing and improving skill mix Improved rate of satisfaction in jobs Utilization of staffs at appropriate ACF banding e Cross fertilization of the ideas between the departments It becomes easier for deploying lean process of laboratory Threats The staffs may feel that threatened by potential less numbers of jobs Changing management in the organization needs to be effective for processing in the work (Goldstone Woo, 2015) Table 1: SWOT analysis (Source: Created by Author) Analysis: Deploying and implementing robotic technology in industries enable the procedure to provide possible benefits as well as strengthen the process of reducing the errors for less number of human activities. In addition, adoption of the technology helps to enhance the demands for service as well as minimize the speed for revenue that can bring competitive advantages for Mexx Engineering and gaining several opportunities to expand the business as well. Furthermore, it can decrease times for the turnaround of organization. The best utilization of current equipments can be achieved by using robotic technology. On contrary, the use of the technology has some limitations like stuff reluctant for making changes in the practise of working (Sharma, Albergotti Duvvuri, 2016). Along with these, there are samples for transportation for major reception area to the particular analyzers. The job satisfaction rate can be improved by implementing the technology (Wang et al. 2016). On contrary , cross fertilization of particular ideas among several departments helps in increasing the scopes in business for the organization. Moreover, deploying the particular technology can make easier in the process of lean laboratory process. The staffs may feel that they are threatened by less number of jobs and change management. It can be effective for using the robotics. These are generally considered as threats for using the technology in Mexx Engineering. Strategic Analysis It is vital to develop strategic analysis in order to develop robotics technologies in order to find out business scopes for applying the technology in the organization. Industry insights: Woo (2016) stated that the size of market in the industrial robots has value at $30.58 billion at present days. The advancement of science and technology in everydays use enable to have a rush in implementing the technology in manufacturing industry in Australia in order to perform repetitive as well as multifarious and dangerous risks to increase productivity in specific sectors. The sectors are considered as automotive as well as electronics sector. These are usually considered as the high volume lines. The industries are taking into consideration for having high volume lines for production and industries are increasing the productivity rate and reduce the overloads. These are helpful for waste management as well as bring the flexibility in organization. On contrary, introduction of the robots by integrating with the vision as well as touch are expected to improve the speed and efficiency of the production along with the delivery systems. There are simple autonomous robots are used that are operated as a part of greater group. Use of the robotic technology in such industries create new eco system, which is high-paying as well as rewarding the jobs through making the activities lie designing, marketing and selling, installing along with maintaining robots (Singla Singla, 2014). There are enormous costs are justified as well as high maintenance costs are generally expected for inhibiting development of the market. There are high systems engineering as well as installation costs are inhibited to the organization. The robotic technology used in the industries such as Asian countries like Korea, Taiwan and China that are usually supported by respective Governments by identifying research and development of funding as well as tax incentiv es, loans and investment to skills. Porters Five Force Analysis In order to analyze the market scopes of Mexx Engineering for deploying robotics technology as a business strategy in the next five years, Porters five force analysis would be helpful. Bargaining power of supplier: There are requirements of using robotic technology in electronic equipments as well as wiring technologies in order to develop the industrial robots. Hence, dependencies on suppliers are found for the needs to have integration and mitigating risks related to the suppliers. Bargaining power of Consumers: There are a large number of customers for industry in Australia establishing as the manufacturing hubs. On the other hand, Asian countries are also expected to improve the market size in robotic technology by 6.8% (Panait et al. 2014). Moreover, the industry provides ample opportunities and less number of bargaining powers of the customers. Costs of the robots, purchased by consumers are costly. Hence, it provides green signals to Mexx Engineering for entering in the market through providing effective and affordable application of robotics in the market. Threat of substitution: The labours in workplace become threat for organization. The labours are not enough efficient to perform specific tasks. On the other hand, some tasks require threat to health and life. Thus, it is required to enhance operations of the process of export by organizing meetings for international standard and industrial standard ads well as robots of the industry required in the factories. It gives a result eliminating the risks of substitution. Threat of new entrants: There are huge numbers of investments in manufacture robots works as specialist knowledge of skilled engineer as required. The factors are generally accommodated with major entry barriers to particular industry. Along with these, investments of various companies in the research and development become challenging in order to capture the market of automation technology with the help of robotics. Therefore, it is required to concentrate on new entrants of robotics technology (McCorkle et al. 2016). It is important to concentrate on new entrants of the robotics technologies in Australia. It results adoption of strategic plan in Mexx Engineering for obtain competitive benefits. Competitive rivalry: Rapid development of engineering as well as technology allows the organization adopting and deploying advanced technology to the increasing productivity and achieves competitive advantages. Limited numbers of Australian manufacturers of the industrial robots serve the needs of adopting the robotic technology in the organization. Thus, targeting the entire process of deploying robotic technology in daily purposes has customized solutions by robotics technology in the particular organization (Coker et al. 2014). How robotics technology can be used in future It is important to make plan and strategy in order to use robotics technologies in future. Rehabilitation of the robotic market improves 40 fold from the year 2014 to 2020. It is generally fuelled by advancing of rehab as well as therapy robots. In addition, it is an act active prostheses and exoskeleton along with robotic technology. The cost of rehabilitation robot market enhances in the market between 2017 and 2020 (Vyas et al. 2015). Thus, Mexx Engineering requires effective business strategy for implementing the business strategy in the market. The organization needs to develop the products through robotics technology in order to assemble various parts of the products and polishing. The robotics technology is used for the tasks as identifying and cleaning sewers as well as performing intricate surgery to increase the steadily along with continuing to develop in next five years. Conclusion In conclusion, the applications of robotic technology in the industries as well as daily usages need to be used properly. However, it is needed to analyze the opportunities and challenges faced by the companies for implementing robotic technology in specific organization. On contrary, the primitive intelligence of robots can be utilized to make demonstration of the ability in order to produce products in the factory and increases efficiencies as well as quality. The smartest robots are not generally used in the daily purposes and industry purposes. Moreover, they are used in space explorers (Schneider et al. 2013). Therefore, it is important to apply the technology in the field like data mining so that it can be helpful to improve its business. Being an ICT manager, it is important to analyze those scopes and recommend some solutions in order to overcome the challenges. On the other hand, the organization needs to consider ethical and social considerations to implement the business strategy for using the robotics in organization. Thus, through targeting the procedure of implementing the procedure of deploying robotic technology can be useful and considered as one of the main factors for Mexx Engineering in fulfilling the purpose of implementing strategic plan as well as lead in the market of robotics technology in next five years (Adams et al. 2015). On contrary, the organization needs to face difficult completion in domestic and foreign markets for such companies like ABB and KUKA. It has been covered by providing the robots and its applications in Australia along with the Asian countries. Recommendations The following measures can be taken to improve business of the organization. It is vital to apply the strategies effectively in the business of the organization. The new surge of robotics is needed to include in the applications along with advanced intelligence system. Thus, the robotics in the applications is required to meet the demands as the requirements to be applied in field. According to analysis, the robots are needed to integrate with vision as well as make dramatically changes that have speed as well as efficiency. Thus, continuous level is required in the process for apply the technologies References Adams, C. L., Sheeder, J., Arruda, J., Guntupalli, S. R., Davidson, S. A., Behbakht, K. (2015). Postoperative pulmonary complications are increased among obese patients undergoing robotic surgery for suspected gynecologic malignancy.Gynecologic Oncology,139(1), 197-198. Arlen, A. M., Kirsch, A. J. (2016). Recent Developments in the Use of Robotic Technology in Pediatric Urology.Expert review of medical devices,13(2), 171-178. Barbash, G. I., Friedman, B., Glied, S. A., Steiner, C. A. (2014). Factors associated with adoption of robotic surgical technology in US hospitals and relationship to radical prostatectomy procedure volume.Annals of surgery,259(1), 1-6. Blute, M. L., Prestipino, A. L. (2014). Factors associated with adoption of robotic surgical technology in us hospitals and relationship to radical prostatectomy procedure volume. Bonatti, J., Vetrovec, G., Riga, C., Wazni, O., Stadler, P. (2014). Robotic technology in cardiovascular medicine.Nature Reviews Cardiology,11(5), 266-275. Boyd, J. G., Scott, S. (2015). 538: Robotic technology identifies neurocognitive deficits in high functioning cardiac arrest survivors.Critical care medicine,43(12), 136. Coker, A. M., Barajas-Gamboa, J. S., Cheverie, J., Jacobsen, G. R., Sandler, B. J., Talamini, M. A., ... Horgan, S. (2014). Outcomes of robotic-assisted transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation.Journal of Laparoendoscopic Advanced Surgical Techniques,24(2), 89-94. Goldstone, A. B., Woo, Y. J. (2015). Glow in the dark intraoperative imaging: Expanding the capabilities of robotic technology.The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery,149(5), 1458-1459. Kardos, S. V., Gross, C. P., Shah, N. D., Schulam, P. G., Trinh, Q. D., Smaldone, M. C., ... Kim, S. P. (2014). Association of type of renal surgery and access to robotic technology for kidney cancer: results from a population?based cohort.BJU international,114(4), 549-554. McCorkle, D. A., Dudensing, R. M., Hanselka, D., Hellman, E. W. (2016, February). Economics of Robotic Technology in Texas Wine Grape Production. In2016 Annual Meeting, February 6-9, 2016, San Antonio, Texas(No. 230005). Southern Agricultural Economics Association. Nawabi, D. H., Conditt, M. A., Ranawat, A. S., Dunbar, N. J., Jones, J., Banks, S., Padgett, D. E. (2013). Haptically guided robotic technology in total hip arthroplasty: a cadaveric investigation.Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine,227(3), 302-309 Panait, L., Shetty, S., Shewokis, P. A., Sanchez, J. A. (2014). Do laparoscopic skills transfer to robotic surgery?.Journal of Surgical Research,187(1), 53-58. Patel, H. D., Mullins, J. K., Pierorazio, P. M., Jayram, G., Cohen, J. E., Matlaga, B. R., Allaf, M. E. (2013). Trends in renal surgery: robotic technology is associated with increased use of partial nephrectomy.The Journal of urology,189(4), 1229-1235. Schneider, J. S., Burgner, J., Webster III, R. J., Russell III, P. T. (2013). Robotic surgery for the sinuses and skull base: What are the possibilities and what are the obstacles?.Current opinion in otolaryngology head and neck surgery,21(1), 11. Sharma, A., Albergotti, W. G., Duvvuri, U. (2016). Applications of evolving robotic technology for head and neck surgery.Annals of Otology, Rhinology Laryngology,125(3), 207-212. Singla, N., Singla, A. (2014). Robotic-Assisted Surgery: Urological Applications and Outcomes.American Journal of Robotic Surgery,1(1), 33-37. Subbian, V., Ratcliff, J. J., Meunier, J. M., Korfhagen, J. J., Beyette, F. R., Shaw, G. J. (2015). Integration of new technology for research in the emergency department: feasibility of deploying a robotic assessment tool for mild traumatic brain injury evaluation.IEEE journal of translational engineering in health and medicine,3, 1-9. Vyas, S., Le, Y., Zhang, Z., Armour, W., Song, D. Y. (2015). Reduced dose to urethra and rectum with the use of variable needle spacing in prostate brachytherapy: a potential role for robotic technology.Journal of contemporary brachytherapy,7(4), 252. Wang, W., Zhu, X., Wang, L., Qiu, Q., Cao, Q. (2016). Ubiquitous Robotic Technology for Smart Manufacturing System.Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience,2016. Woo, Y. (2016). Robotic Cholecystectomy. InAtlas of Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery(pp. 721-726). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Escalation Report

Executive Summary One of the main causes of loss for businesses is the escalation of commitment to projects which are failing. It occurs when decision makers go on with a project even when there is adequate evidence and information which shows that investing more resources on the project will not change the tides and create value for the investment.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Escalation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A lot of time is wasted primarily because more time is spent on useless projects than is necessary. Getting insight on this subject is important for an aerospace organisation as it will assist in ensuring that the company identifies any such problems and deals with them effectively. This will save the company a lot of resources particularly in terms of time and money. This report aims to highlight the dangers of escalation and ways to manage these dangers. In addition, the causes of escalatio n and recommendations on how the company can best manage escalation are discussed. Introduction Escalation refers to persistence with a project or a certain course of action beyond a financially reasonable point. Some theorists claim that escalation is due to wrong decision-making (Bazerman 2004). Escalation is very costly to an organisation because large sums of money must be used to sustain these projects. The managers spend more money on past projects which have a small probability of success instead of starting new projects (Desai Chulkov 2008) According to theory, the main cause of escalation is self-justification whereby a manager wants to appear reasonable and capable of carrying out certain tasks. Another approach to this is the economic approach which claims that managers are rational in trying to protect their reputation in the company. (Brockner Rubin 1975). The objective of this report is to attempt to show the problems that can affect the aerospace defence company due to escalation and recommend suitable ways to deal with it. Definition of escalation The issue of escalation is a major issue in decision making in organizations. People become so committed to a certain project such that they are willing to continue pumping in loads of money even when it is clear that the project will never materialize. The escalation of commitment includes trying further actions that are deemed corrective which unfortunately only make the situation worse (Chell, 2001).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research shows that decision makers prefer continuing to invest in a failing project because of financial commitments to these projects. It has been found that if a person invests a large sum of money and other resources in a project, he or she will allocate more resources to the project if he gets negative feedback. Conversely, if the feedback received is pos itive such for instance that the project will be a success, the funds allocation will be reduced (Armstrong, Coviello Safranek 1993). An example of escalation on an individual level includes investing in stocks which are clearly on a downward trend. Continuing in a job or relationship which is unfulfilling hoping that things will get better yet all signs show a miserable future is escalation. In the organisational level, escalation may occur when a business continues investing in a certain line of business even though past results are bad and there is uncertainty about the outcome of continued investment (Drummond 2001). Causes of escalation Organizational factors The desire for justification and presenting one self in a manner that is acceptable in the organization is one of the conditions leading to increased escalation in many organizations. For example, a marketing manager may continue marketing a new product yet there has been no response from the public in 1 year. Therefore, a decision maker may support a project until it succeeds so as to avoid negative feedback (Armstrong, Coviello Safranek 1993). If escalation has always been the norm, a new manager may be forced to continue with the trend or suffer opposition. Inertia and passivity by management concerning the progress of projects will certainly increase escalation. Company policies such as bureaucracy may increase escalation because decision-making is often slow and unilateral (Chell 2001). Psychological factors Psychological determinants cause a person to view a situation which is bad in a positive and optimistic way. Self-justification makes people want to prove to themselves that they can accomplish or succeed in a given task. A study done by Staw in 1976 established that people who were responsible for the initial investment decision are usually more committed to a project than the less responsible individuals. The study showed that people will spend more resources to justify a decision that w as made in the past. Another study by Bazerman, Goodman and Schoorman (1982) found that the measure of commitment that an individual has for a project is related to the perceived significance of that project (Ross Staw 1986). Escalation may also be reinforced if the actions taken by an individual are voluntary and were entered into by free choice. If the actions are public and are known to other people, an individual may continue on that line of action because he does not want to look incompetent or foolish. In addition, an activity that has been performed many times in the past would cause an individual to go on investing resources because of familiarity (Drummond 2001).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Escalation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another psychological factor that enhances commitment and escalation is the fact that people tend to process information concerning a project in a different manner th at causes perseverance of beliefs. There is an inclination by the individual to search for, remember and interpret information in a way that sustains his or her belief in the eventual success of the project. For instance, a manager may receive a report stating that the business prospects are low but he or she will take this as a challenge (Arkes 1996). Social factors The desire to maintain credibility and not to suffer shame in the presence of other people may affect escalation. Managers may continue pursuing a falling project because they do not want to expose their mistakes to other people. Because companies evaluate the employees according to their ability to make sound choices, cases of escalation may increase as no employee wants to appear incompetent. Research shows that people who are in situations of job insecurity and resistance to policies are more likely to carry out escalation (Ross Staw 1986). Modelling and social norms are other social factors which have contributed t o escalation. A study done on modelling revealed that people are more likely to invest resources to projects which other people have ventured and succeeded in (Deming, 1986). The norm in society is to respect and approve of managers or decision makers who continued in a certain project until it succeeded. For instance, Henry Ford is widely respected for his persistence and tenacity which enabled his firm to develop a revolutionary engine (Ross Staw 1986). Economic factors The high costs of quitting a project may bring about escalation. The presence of sunk costs makes it very difficult for management to choose to abandon a project. Sunk costs are those expenses which the firm faces incrementally. This means that this is the period when the costs of the project are much more than the returns. These costs are accepted because the managers are anticipating that eventually business will peak and the initial costs will be recovered (Bazerman Watkins 2008). Decision-makers have to choos e between continuing with a project whose returns are much lower than the costs albeit a lot of uncertainty about the future (Wolf Northcraft 184). Paying compensation and penalties to subcontractors is very costly and this may deter managers from letting go of an unprofitable. An example is if contractors had been hired to build houses but it is realised after five months that there is low demand since the development is next to a cement factory. If the contractors are stopped from going one with the construction, they have to be paid a lot of money.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Low salvage value means that if the entire project is sold off, the amount of money that will be received will be much less than what was initially invested. Redundancy costs for employees who are affected by the closure of a project may be so high such that the decision makers decide to continue working on it until it becomes profitable (Wolf Northcraft 184). Dangers of escalation Escalation, although widely practised is very dangerous and may cause the destruction of a company. For example, the $500 million IT venture of the London stock exchange was as a result of consistent escalation which eventually become a waste of resources. Escalation wastes a lot of money on projects which will never be fruitful. If the resources spent on failing projects are very high such that the operations of the business are affected, then the firm will ultimately close down. (Drummond 1996) Opportunities are also lost when decision makers embark on escalation. The financial resources that are being spent on bad investments could have been used in a better way if they had been invested in projects whose returns are more than costs. The reputation of a decision maker who keeps on investing when it is obvious he or she is wasting money will be tarnished (Drummond 1996). Escalation in the defence sector The aerospace defence sector is not exempt from the problem of escalation. The defence sector is prone to escalation as due to the rapid expansion this industry. Aerospace defence manufacturers are under pressure to be innovative and adaptive to the ongoing technological advances. The huge sums of money that have to be invested in the aerospace defence sector could deter managers from halting projects. The model proposed by Keil and Montealegre (2001) is the best for an aerospace organisation in the defence sector. This model is in four phases i.e. problem recognition, re-examination of prior courses of action, selection of alternative courses of action and implementing the exit p lan. This model is appropriate because the defence sector is very volatile and financial investments are very high. Defence procurement can raise problems such as technical breakdown and escalation (Kenny 2006). Recommendations Reducing escalation can be done by reducing or eliminating the factors which are known to increase escalation. Reducing self-justification Self-justification produces a scenario whereby, the more the negative feedback received the more persistent the decision maker is concerning the failing project. Many managers deal with negative feedback by justifying their original course of action. A logical method of dealing with self-justification is to know that a decision made in the part is not necessarily a reflection of ones abilities or intelligence. An individual who is involved in decision-making should be assured of confidentiality to reduce his or her need for self-justification. The above measure will enable a person to withdraw from a certain line of busine ss with out suffering psychologically or socially (Simonson Staw 1992). Ensuring accurate decision-making The decisions made by managers are what determine the future and success of a company. Therefore, it is imperative that an organisation creates conditions that are conducive for decision making. Inadequate and unreliable information was found to be a leading cause of escalation as managers did not have enough information to make sound decisions (Allison 1971). It is important to make information about costs and the rate of return on investments easily available and accessible. This is likely to reduce the tendency for decision makers to focus on projects that will never give the expected financial returns. When adequate economic facts are available, it is unlikely that decision makers will make wrong choices (Simonson Staw 1992). Self diagnosing and accountability In order to reduce escalation, managers in the firm should embark on self-diagnosing which involves examining one self in relation to a given task. This will assist in gauging ones ability to meet the requirements of the project. Accountability in the organisation is whereby an individual has to justify his or her actions to others. It can be beneficial to an organization as it will foster good decision making due thus reducing escalation (Simonson Staw 1992). Conclusion The firm should examine itself to ensure that there are no cases of escalation. If there is escalation, the projects which are being invested in should be abandoned. In addition, it is important that the decision making process be sound so as to prevent escalation. It would be advisable to give decision-making powers to a group of people such as a board of directors instead of to an individual. This will bring about control and better decisions will be made due to brainstorming. Since self-justification is one of the main causes of escalation, it is important to ensure that the identity of decision makers remains confidential. This may create more motivation or morale for the managers. Self-justification and improved decision-making are the best measures as research has proved that they are most effective (Drummond 1996). Reference List Allison, G.T., 1971. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, Little, Brown and Co., Boston. Arkes, H. R., 1996. ‘The psychology of waste,’ Journal of Behavioural Decision Making, vol. 9, pp. 213-214. Armstrong, S., Coviello, N. Safranek, B., 1993. ‘Escalation Bias: Does It Extend to Marketing?’ Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 247-253. Barbalet, J.M., 1985. ‘Power and resistance’, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 36, pp. 521-48. Bazerman, M. H. and Watkins, M. D., 2008. Predictable Surprises, Harvard Business, Harvard University. Bazerman, M. H., 2004. Judgment in Managerial Decision-Making: Chichester, Wiley. Bazerman, M.H., Beekun, R.I. and Schoorman, F.D., 1982 ‘Performanc e evaluation in a dynamic context: the impact of a prior commitment to the ratee’, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 67, pp. 873-76. Becker, H.S., 1960. â€Å"Notes on the concept of commitment†, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 66, pp. 32-40. Brockner, J., Shaw, M. C., Rubin, J. Z. 1979, ‘Factors affecting withdrawal from an escalative conflict: Quitting before it’s too late.’ Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 15, pp. 492-503. Burrell, G. and Morgan, G., 1979. Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Chell, E. 2001. Entrepreneurship: globalization, innovation and development. London: Cengage Learning. Deming, W.E., 1986. Out of the Crisis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Drummond, H., 1991. ‘Are good leaders decisive?’ Management Decision, vol. 29, pp. 4-9. Drummond, H., 1996 ‘Riding a tiger,’ Management Decision, vol. 30, pp. 29-33. Drummond, H.,1 996. Escalation in Decision Making: the Tragedy of Taurus, Oxford, Oxford University. Drummond, H., 2001. The Art of Decision-Making, Chichester, Wiley. Lopez, L.L., 1981 ‘Decision making in the short run’, Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 7, pp. 377-85. Monteaglre, R. and Keil, M., 2000. ‘De-escalating information technology projects: lessons from the Denver international airport.’ MIS Quarterly, vol. 24, pp. 417-447. Northcraft, G. and Wolf, G., 1984. Dollars sense and sunk costs: a life cycle model of resource allocation decisions’, Academy of Management Review, vol. 9. No. 2, pp. 225-234. Rubin, J.Z. and Brockner, J., 1975 â€Å"Factors affecting entrapment in waiting situations: the Rosencrantz and Guildenstein effect†, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 31, pp. 1054-1063. Simonson, I., and Staw, B. M., 1992. ‘Decision strategies, a comparison of techniques for reducing commitment to losing courses of action, ’ Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 77, pp. 419-426. Staw, B., Ross, J., 1986. ‘Expo 86: An Escalation Prototype.’ Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 31, pp. 274-297. Staw, B. M. and Ross, J., 1987. ‘Knowing when to pull the plug,’ Harvard Business Review, 65, March/April 68-74. Staw, B.M. and Ross, J., 1987. ‘Behavior in escalation situations: antecedents, prototypes and solutions,’ Research in Organization Behavior, vol. 9, pp. 39-78. This report on Escalation was written and submitted by user Namor to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Second Battle of Ypres in World War I

Second Battle of Ypres in World War I The Second Battle Ypres was fought April 22 to May 25, 1915 during World War I (1914-1918) and saw the Germans conduct a limited offensive around the strategic town of Ypres in Flanders. During the course of the battle, the Germans debuted the use of poison gas on the Western Front. This new technology provided an initial advantage, but the Germans were ultimately stopped after heavy fighting. Though the Germans had not achieved a breakthrough, they succeeded in bringing Ypres within range of their artillery. Background With the German defeat at the First Battle of the Marne in September 1914 and the unraveling of the Schlieffen Plan, both sides commenced a series of flanking maneuvers in northern France and Flanders. As the two sides sought an advantage, they clashed in Picardy, Albert, and Artois. Finally reaching the coast, the Western Front became a continuous line stretching to the Swiss frontier. In October, the Germans attempted to breakthrough at the town of Ypres in Flanders. This resulted in the First Battle of Ypres which saw the Allies hold a salient around Ypres after brutal fighting. Conflicting Strategies As trench warfare continued, both sides began assessing their options for bringing the war to a successful conclusion. Overseeing German operations, Chief of the General Staff Erich von Falkenhayn preferred to focus on winning the war on the Western Front as he believed that a separate peace could be obtained with Russia. This approach clashed with General Paul von Hindenburg who wished to deliver a decisive blow in the East. Chief of the General Staff Erich von Falkenhayn. Public Domain The hero of Tannenberg, he was able to use his fame and political intrigue to influence the German leadership. As a result, the decision was made to focus on the Eastern Front in 1915.  This focus ultimately resulted in the stunningly successful Gorlice-Tarnà ³w Offensive in May. An Offensive in the West Though Germany had elected to follow an east-first approach, Falkenhayn started planning for an operation against Ypres to begin in April. Intended as a limited offensive, he sought to divert Allied attention from troop movements east, secure a more commanding position in Flanders, as well as to test a new weapon, poison gas. Though tear gas had been used against the Russians in January at Bolimov, the Second Battle of Ypres would mark the debut of lethal chlorine gas. In preparation for the assault, German troops moved 5,730 90 lb. canisters of chlorine gas to the front opposite Gravenstafel Ridge which was occupied by French 45th and 87th Divisions. These units were comprised of territorial and colonial troops from Algeria and Morocco (Map). Armies Commanders Allies General Sir Horace Smith-DorrienGeneral Herbert PlumerGeneral Henri PutzMajor General Armand de CeuninckMajor General Theophile Figeys8 divisions Germany Albrecht, Duke of Wà ¼rttemberg7 divisions The Germans Strike Around 5:00 PM on April 22, 1915, troops from Albrecht, Duke of Wà ¼rttembergs German 4th Army began releasing the gas towards the French troops at Gravenstafel. This was done by opening the gas cylinders by hand and relying on the prevailing winds to carry the gas towards the enemy.  A dangerous method of dispersal, it resulted in numerous casualties among the German forces. Drifting across the lines, the grey-green cloud struck the French 45th and 87th Divisions. Albrecht, Duke of Wà ¼rttemberg. Public Domain Unprepared for such an attack, the French troops began retreating as their comrades were blinded or collapsed from asphyxiation and damage to lung tissue. As the gas was denser than air it quickly filled low-lying areas, such as trenches, forcing the surviving French defenders into the open where they were susceptible to German fire. In short order, a gap of around 8,000 yards opened in the Allied lines as around 6,000 French soldiers died from gas-related causes. Moving forward, the Germans entered the Allied lines but their exploitation of the gap was slowed by darkness and a lack of reserves. Closing the Breach To seal the breach, the 1st Canadian Division of General Sir Horace Smith-Dorriens Second British Army was shifted to the area after dark. Forming up, elements of the division, led by the 10th Battalion, 2nd Canadian Brigade, counterattacked at Kitcheners Wood around 11:00 PM. In a brutal battle, they succeeded in reclaiming the area from the Germans, but sustained high casualties in the process. Continuing pressure on the northern part of the Ypres Salient, the Germans released a second gas attack on the morning of the 24th as part of an effort to take St. Julien (Map). The Allies Fight to Hold On Though the Canadian troops attempted to improvise protective measures such as covering their mouths and noses with water or urine-soaked handkerchiefs, they were ultimately forced to fall back though they exacted a high price from the Germans. Subsequent British counterattacks over the next two days failed to retake St. Julien and the units engaged sustained heavy losses. As fighting spread down the salient as far as Hill 60, Smith-Dorrien came to believe that only a major counter-offensive would be able to push the Germans back to their original positions.   Field Marshal Herbert Plumer. Library of Congress As such, he recommended withdrawing two miles to a new line in front of Ypres where his men could consolidate and re-form. This plan was rejected by the Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force, Field Marshal Sir John French, who elected to sack Smith-Dorrien and replace him with the commander of V Corps, General Herbert Plumer. Assessing the situation, Plumer also recommended falling back. Following the defeat of a small counter-offensive led by General Ferdinand Foch, French directed Plumer to begin the planned retreat. New German Attacks As the withdrawal began on May 1, the Germans again attacked with gas near Hill 60. Assaulting the Allied lines, they were met by fierce resistance from the British survivors, including many from the 1st Battalion of the Dorset Regiment, and were turned back. Having consolidated their position, the Allies were again attacked by the Germans on May 8. Opening with a heavy artillery bombardment, the Germans moved against the British 27th and 28th Divisions southeast of Ypres on Frezenberg Ridge. Meeting heavy resistance, they released a gas cloud on May 10. Having endured earlier gas attacks, the British had developed new tactics such as shelling behind the cloud to strike at the advancing German infantry. In six days of bloody fighting, the Germans were only able to advance around 2,000 yards. After a pause of eleven days, the Germans resumed the battle by releasing their largest gas attack to date across a 4.5 mile section of the front. Beginning before dawn on May 24, the German assault sought to capture Bellewaarde Ridge. In two days of fighting, the British bloodied the Germans but were still forced to concede another 1,000 yards of territory. Aftermath After the effort against Bellewaarde Ridge, the Germans brought the battle to a close due to a lack of supplies and manpower. In the fighting at Second Ypres, the British suffered around 59,275 casualties, while the Germans endured 34,933. In addition, the French incurred around 10,000. Though the Germans had failed to breakthrough the Allied lines, they reduced the Ypres Salient to around three miles which allowed for the shelling of the city. In addition, they had secured much of the high ground in the area. The gas attack on the first day of the battle became one of the conflicts great missed opportunities.  Had the assault been backed with sufficient reserves, it may have broken through the Allied lines. The use of poison gas had come as a tactical surprise to the Allies who roundly condemned its use as barbaric and reprehensible. Though many neutral nations agreed with this assessment, it did not stop the Allies from developing their own gas weapons which debuted at Loos that September. The Second Battle of Ypres is also notable for being the engagement during which Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, MD composed the famed poem In Flanders Fields.

The Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s - Essay Example The war, however, was frustrating for both parties, with a victory that was decisive eluding them both. Various factors relating to the regime changes in both countries led to a full-blown war between Iraq and Iran, and a proxy war between Iran & the US. The premise of this paper is to analyze this war and the role the US had to play in it. 2. Iraqi army and Iran troops In 1979, Saddam Hussein, a Sunni Muslim, took over power in Iraq, and set out to make Iraq the leading state in the Middle East (Kilborn 79). While Saddam and most of his supporters were Sunnis, the majority of Iraqi’s were Shia’s. Saddam did not trust them. Iran a neighbour to the east was predominantly Shia. In 1979, the Iranians, led by Ayatollah Khomeini, also overthrew their government, which had been under the Shah, a treasured ally of the US and Israel, and this led to an enmity brewing between these two entities. The revolution in Iran also marked the first time that clerics of Islam had harnesse d the authority of religion to overthrow a modern and secular state with a theocracy (Jacek 39). 3. Saddam Hussein’s personality The most potent catalyst for the Iraq-Iran war was Saddam Hussein’s personality. Repeatedly, he aggressed against the Iranians, and it was only a matter of time before war broke out. A number of reasons were to nudge Saddam into starting a war. These were longstanding issues like access to the gulf of Persia by the Iraqi’s, & a few recent ones like the mistrust that the Iraqi’s felt towards the Iranians and their new government (Phythian 71). The Iraqi has historically claimed the oil rich province of Khuzestan, which had a large Arab population of non-Persian population, with historical ties to Iraq. A few small islands in the gulf of Persia, which were militarily occupied by Iran, were also laid claim to by Iraq. There was also the Shatt al-Arab waterway, which was disputed by both countries. 4. Diplomatic ties between Iraq an d Iran Tensions between Tehran and Baghdad heightened in 1980. A group sponsored by the Iranians attempted to assassinate the foreign minister of Iraq, while Iraq captured and hanged Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, the grand Ayatollah, and a staunch, public defender of the Islamic Revolution (Phythian 79). Diplomatic ties were cut, with minor skirmishes along the border. Iraq, in September, declared Shatt al-Arab waterway as their territory, before invading Iran on the 22nd. The invading Iraqi’s were remarkably successful at first, managing to gain large swathes of territory, including Khuzestan. However, their march began to lose steam, due in large part to the ferocity with which the Iranian public responded, and the bravery of the Air Force of Iran. In January of 1981, the Iranians mounted a counteroffensive, which was unsuccessful & led to a stalemate period (Kilborn 91). 5. United States’ Contributions During the war, both countries attacked oil tankers bound for each oth er’s nation, in an attempt to cripple their foreign exchange sources. As the stalemate dragged on, neutral vessels were attacked with increasing regularity in the middle 1980s. This was especially a paramount concern for Western oil importing countries. After Iranians attacked Kuwait’s vessels, the United States’ president, Ronald Regan, gave the green light for Kuwaiti vessels to fly under the US flag, placing them under the patronage of the US, and giving the US the right to strike back if these ships were attacked

Career Planning assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Career Planning assignment - Essay Example From here, one gets to the final stage of career planning which is designing their professional development plan. At this stage, an individual states the improvements they need to make in order to qualify for the requirements which are supposed to take them up towards their career goal (Fuller 2011, p. 410). The following text is my elaborated career plan as I aim at owning a top-of-the-range lingerie selling store in the U.K. I have always aspired to go into self-employment as opposed to being employed by anyone else. Specifically, I have always promised myself that I would start and run an executive lingerie selling store in the United Kingdom. This career appeals to me because I have a good taste of fashion, and I am sure what I will have to offer will be irresistible. Additionally, I am good at convincing people, and this is a good sign that I will always attract clients. Commercial skills to enable them to plan promotions, pricing, and product presentation, to achieve budget forecasts and targets, to devise the best store layout, and to advise retail managers on matters such as competition and marketing initiatives. Lingerie business also requires high standards so that compliance with procedures and policies is observed, excellence in customer service is instilled, and finally safety, repairs, and housekeeping is maintained. Presently, the skills I possess are aligned towards my career, but they are inadequate. First, I have people management and financial management skills that I have acquired from my major. These are however not sufficient in the event that I had to apply for such a lingerie store management job. The skills I have in commercial management are only on product pricing, presentation and promotion. However, the career demands that I should be able to achieve budget forecasts and targets. Additionally, my communication skills which I am quite satisfied with still need to be sharpened so that I

Criticisms Or Limitations Of HRM Strategic Hrm Commerce Essay

Criticisms Or Limitations Of HRM Strategic Hrm Commerce Essay Over the past century, the concept of Human Resources Management (HRM) has been going through some significant changes. According to Nankervis, Compton and Baird, the main focus of human resources management is the overall management of an organizations workforce in the purpose of achieving the desired objectives of the organizations in the long run (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). From personnel administration management to human resources management, and then further developing to strategic human resources management, the HR functions of an organization has evolved into a more central strategic role. Nowadays, the change in IR landscape has led to a rise in the attention paid to HRM. With consumer focusing more on the service provided rather than the physical merchandised goods, the demand for a well-functioned HRM has largely increased. HRM is no longer a function performed by HR supervisors but is also seen as a competitive advantage of the organization to achieve its long-term objectives and goals. To a greater extent, this essay will define and compare HRM and SHRM, investigating the hard and soft approaches to HRM. The limitations and criticisms of various HRM models will also be covered in the later paragraph. Lastly, two external environment factors in which organizations are facing nowadays are identified with a research on how the strategic approach to HRM is contributing to their ability to respond to such changes. Human Resources Management (HRM) is defined as the policies, practices and systems established by an organization that shape employees behaviour, attitudes as well as performance towards their job (DeCieri Kramar, 2005). It focuses mainly on managing the productive use of people of the organization in order to achieve its strategic objectives and at the same time upholding a healthy employer-employee relationship to satisfy the individual employees needs (Stone, 2005:4). Before investigating the two models of Human Resources Management (HRM) and Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM), one should take into considerations that the assumptions underpinning the HRM: the unitarist approach assuming a partnership between the employers and employees on a set of common interest with a mutual commitment to achieve the proposed objectives; and the pluralist approach in which the relationship between the two parties is assumed to have to inevitably go through a conflict of interest and th at negotiations are crucial in resolving the problem (Kane, 1996). Ever since the early 20th century, HRM is seen as merely a personnel function carrying out the day-to-day administrative business of an organization, such as the promotion of employee welfare. While HRM further evolved in the later years, HRM started to turn into a professional approach where specialists are employed to conduct the HR-related task of the organization, including recruitment, training and welfare activities (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). Another perspective of HRM, the resource-based view started to gain popularity in the late 1990s, advocating HR as a valuable resource capable of contributing to the sustained competitive advantage of the organization. In other words, facilitating the development of a company-specific and unique competencies would help sustain the competitive advantage of an organization, and in this case it will be the people (Brewster, Carey, Grobler et. al., 2008). Around the sa me period of time, SHRM also came into being in which it is viewed as more of a macro perspective of the strategic approach in managing employees as a result of the integration of the early personnel management and industrial relations as well as HRM (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). While going into details the definitions and development of HRM, the Harvard model is also useful in showing that HRM theories are way broader than simply a personnel function. It consists of five main factors supporting the central principle of the utilization of employees to ensure the achievement of an organizations desired goals, namely the stakeholder interest, situational factors, HRM policy choice, HR outcome and long-term consequences (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). It is well accepted that dramatic changes that took place in the past decades have created new challenges for HR professionals, forcing them to evolve and enhance their role as a purpose to address these challenges (Brewster, Carey, Grobler et. al., 2008). Instead of limiting the HR department to certain administrative roles, organizations began to line them up with the business managers, in which both parties work together to create a strategic partnership. Such process is what we call the SHRM. According to DeCieri and Kramar, SHRM is known as a pattern of planned HR developments and activities intended to enable an organization to achieve its goals (DeCieri Kramar, 2005). One might find it difficult to distinguish between HRM and SHRM. Strategic Human Resources Management stresses the importance of the establishment of HR plan and strategies in order to fulfill an organizations long-term objectives. It is seen as more of a practical model that encourage organization to plain in t he long run, taking potential changes from all other aspects such as the society, economic condition, technology enhancement, industrial relations, etc. into account (Dessler, Griffiths Lloyd-Walker, 2007). Human resources is valued as a source of competitive advantage to certain organizations. Comparing to HRM, SHRM is claimed to be a model that requires more interpretations and well-rounded planning to ensure the most desirable outcomes to suit best with the organizations business plans (Dessler, Griffiths Lloyd-Walker, 2007). With the two theoretical concepts of HRM and SHRM defined and compared, we can now go into investigating another two important approaches to HRM: the hard HR and the soft HR approaches. With reference to Druker, White, Hegewisch and Mayne, the hard approach places the main focus on the strategic business objectives of an organization, treating HR as a resource in achieving its competitive advantage (Druker, White, Hegewisch Mayne, 1996). The soft approach, on the other hand, emphasizes more on the communication, consultation, counseling and support elements within the relationship between the employers and employees (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). While both approaches have validity to particular industries and organizations and is argues that a hard approach must be corresponded with a soft approached to achieve the most desirable outcome (Kaye, 1999), it is said that HRM is more likely to lie towards the hard approach and thus the SHRM better matching the key principle of the s oft approach. Nowadays, in the rapidly growing society where globalization has become the most common issue for most countries, organizations are no longer able to neglect the outside force. Changes have taken place within the organization and so as the role of the HR professionals. Taking various external factors into account, very few organizations can continue with their same old HR policies and practices and therefore, new strategies are to be re-designed. In other words, a lot of adjustments in regards to an organizations HRM plans will have to be made in order to respond to such changes (Brewster, Carey, Grobler et. al., 2008). External factors facilitate the values, attitudes and behaviour of an employee at work and it can be classified into three categories: global, national and industrial (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). Taking the Global Financial Crisis as an example, we will look into the impact it has on HR planning as well as how the HR professionals of an organization is evolving in for the respond to the change. The financial crisis was first triggered by the liquidity shortfall of the US banking system in 2007 and has resulted in the collapse of a number of large financial organizations (Holy See Review, 2010). It is well accepted that such huge issue is affecting almost every single organizations around the world, regardless of their size. It is obvious to organizations that increasing competitive advantages is the only choice for them to better equipped themselves so as to strength their market value and survive through the unstable fluctuating economy. Since it is mentioned in the previous p aragraphs that HR is seen as one of the competitive advantage of organizations, it is not playing a very crucial role under such circumstance. While a number of organizations might choose to be more preservative by cutting down on their staff members as a cost-reducing strategy, with the SHRM model, HR practitioners will instead be focusing more on modifying the HR strategies to address the situation. For instance, by re-designing the HR strategies as well as carrying out a work-life balance policy, the organization would be able to survive through the hard times of the crisis with its employees, eventually promoting employees productivity and loyalty to the organization and thus, reducing absenteeism and the staff turnover of the organization (Schmidt-Hebbel, 2008). Another relevant external environment factor faced by organizations recently is the demographic change of the workforce resulted from an ageing population. As a result of the declining fertility rate, a rising life expectancies as well as the increased migration level, the median age of the populations is proven to be going up very rapidly (Murray Syed, 2005). Though older employees are generally more experienced and therefore more productive than the younger ones, to a greater extent, they tend to suffer more from physical illness and disability, contributing to a higher level of absenteeism. Also, comparing to the younger employees off the organization, it is always harder for older employees to be innovative and adapt to the changing environment as soon as it takes place (Murray Syed, 2005). However, if one does accept that the older workforce are generally more loyal to the organization and that their views and experiences are valuable, diversity management is very much require d to be carried out by the HR professionals. Diversity management is defined as a process of managing peoples similarities and differences at work (DeCieri Kramar, 2005). A number of policies with respect to diversity management can be introduced in order to address the issue. For example, trainings such as computer course can be provided for older employees to help them in adapting to the new working environment. Welfare like long service leave can also be promoted to specially address the older employees of the organization. While HRM is seen as a valuable competitive advantage of organizations, some might argue that there is also a drawback associated with the concept. HRM is sometimes avoided because it is way too complex and time-consuming to organizations (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). For an effective HR plan to be carried out, a large sum of money and resources are to be contributed. A fully functioned data-base system is required to store the details with respect to the employment relationship such as their positions, trainings and developments and this can be rather complicated to set up without the adequate support from HR specialists (Kane, 1996). Various conflicts of interests are certain to come along when planning and conducting the HR strategies that even the top management of an organization might find it worthless to invest in (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). In conclusion, the concepts of both HRM and SHRM have been discussed. While HRM is defined as policies and systems established by an organization in the focus of an effective utilization of its people to achieve to desired objectives, SHRM is known a pattern of HR developments enabling an organization to reach its goals overtime. A number of theoretical concepts including the unitarist and pluralist approaches, the resource based view of HRM as well as the hard and soft approaches are referenced in the purpose of further explaining the concepts and distinguishing between HRM and SHRM. Two external environmental circumstances, namely the global financial crisis and the ageing workforce are identified in which an organizations strategies in addressing such changes is explored. Last but not least, the criticisms and limitations associated with HRM, such as its complexity and the costly process of setting up the HR data-base system are also taken into account so as to give a thorough und erstanding of the entire concept.